Three British-born scientists have won the 2016 Nobel Prize for Physics.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the award on Tuesday.
The academy is recognizing David J. Thouless, F. Duncan Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for their work in topology, an advanced field of mathematics. Topology describes the properties of objects.
Thouless, aged 82, once taught at the University of Washington, but is now a professor emeritus. Haldane, 65, is a physics professor at Princeton University in New Jersey. Kosterlitz, 73, is a physics professor at Brown University in Rhode Island.
The men launched their experiments in the 1970s. The academy said their research projects brought about a new and unexpected understanding of the way solid materials behave. It said they also developed their own mathematical equations to explain the behaviors.
In a statement, the Nobel judges said, “This year’s laureates opened the door on an unknown world where matter can assume strange states. Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter.”
Yoshinori Ohsumi, a professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology smiles in front of a celebration message board after he won the Nobel medicine prize in Yokohama, Japan, October 3, 2016 in this photo released by Kyodo.
The first Nobel Prize of this year – for Physiology or Medicine – was announced Monday. That award went to Japanese scientist Yushinori Ohsumi for experiments related to baker’s yeast.
Other Nobel prizes will be announced this week and next week.
Joshua Fatzick reported this story for VOANews. Bryan Lynn adapted the report for Learning English. Additional information came from the Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. George Grow was the editor.
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Words in This Story
equation – n. mathematical statement that shows two amounts are equal
laureate – n. person given a prize for achievement
pioneering – adj. one of the first to develop new ideas or methods
exotic – adj. very different, strange, often foreign
superconductor – n. substance capable of allowing electricity to easily flow through it
stumble – v. to come upon unexpectedly or by chance
dazzled – adj. greatly surprised, excited or impressed
baker’s yeast – n. the common name given to organisms used to help bread or baking products rise when heated