On a recent Everyday Grammar program, we talked about the phrase “be willing to.” For example, you might say, “She was willing to travel during the rainy season.” The adjective “willing” belongs to a group of more than 30 adjectives that are followed by infinitive verbs.
You probably remember that the infinitive form of a verb is “to” plus its simplest form. In the sentence about the woman, the infinitive verb is “to travel.”
Adjectives followed by infinitives are the subject of today’s Everyday Grammar program.
Generally, the adjectives in this group describe a person or people, not a thing. Many of them describe a person’s attitude toward or feeling about something.
Listen to two sentences and decide which sounds better:
I am happy to see you.
I am happy seeing you.
If the first sounds more natural, it is probably because you have heard infinitive verbs after the adjective “happy” many times in English. In the example, the infinitive is “to see.”
If the second sentence – “I am happy seeing you” – sounds strange, it is because we don’t use gerunds after “happy.” A gerund is a verb that ends in –ing, such as “seeing.” The grammar of “I am happy seeing you” is incorrect, but the listener might still understand your meaning.
“Happy” follows the structure be + adjective + infinitive. Other adjectives in this group include: easy, hard, careful, prepared, good, relieved and difficult.
A short exercise
Next, I have Jill Robbins joining me to demonstrate the grammar with a short exercise. Jill, I’ll ask you a question and you answer it using an adjective followed by an infinitive verb. Are you ready?
Yes, I’m ready.
Here’s the first one:
Alice: Crossing busy streets in D.C. can be dangerous. What are you careful to do before you cross the street?
Jill: I am careful to put away my phone before I cross the street. I am also careful to check whether the sign says “walk” or “don’t walk.”
Good job! You used the adjective “careful” plus the infinitive verbs “to put away” and “to check” in your answer.
I noticed you used the adverb “also” in your second sentence. That’s great! Adding an adverb is common in be + adjective + infinitive phrases since we often use them to express attitudes and feelings.
Let’s do another:
Alice: I noticed that you worked long hours yesterday. When you got home last night, what were you relieved to do?
Jill: I was relieved to take off my shoes. I was also relieved to sit down for dinner. Later, I was ready to sleep.
Very good! You used the adjective “relieved” followed by the infinitives “to take off” and “to sit down.”
And I used the adjective “ready,” which also belongs to the group of adjectives we’re discussing today. I followed it with the infinitive “to sleep.”
Yes! And you used the past tense of “be,” which is “was.”
Let’s do one more:
Alice: Some things in life are easy to do and some are hard to do. What is something that is hard to do?
Jill: It is really hard to change a habit.
You’re right about that! It is hard to change habits.
Jill used the adjective “hard” followed by the infinitive verb “to change.”
Notice that she started this sentence with the pronoun “It.” When we use “it” in this way, the pronoun is not the true subject of the sentence. The true subject is the infinitive verb, but we do not speak this way. Consider these two examples. Which sounds more natural?
It is hard to change a habit.
To change a habit is hard.
The sentence “It is hard to change a habit” sounds more natural, even though the true subject is “to change.”
In English, we rarely begin sentences with infinitive verbs, except in some kinds of writing, such as poetry and other forms of literature.
By the way, if we wanted to write the sentence another way, we could replace the infinitive subject “to change” with the gerund “changing.” Then the sentence becomes: “Changing a habit is hard,” and “changing” is the subject of the sentence.
But for today’s lesson, what’s important is knowing you will see and hear sentences with be + adjective + infinitive everywhere. And they sometimes begin with the pronoun “It.”
What can you do?
So, what can you do to practice?
Here’s one idea: Try to become familiar with the 30+ adjectives that are followed by infinitives, without trying to memorize them. I will provide the list on our website.
Then, the next time you hear those adjectives in real life, in a song, on television or in a movie, listen for the structure we talked about today. Try to make note of the example in your phone or a notebook.
You can also practice writing your own sentences and using them when you speak English to friends or practice partners. With time and practice, you will be delighted to use the structure whenever you speak or write English.
I’m Alice Bryant.
And I’m Jill Robbins
Alice Bryant wrote this story for Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor.
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Reference
Below is a list of the most common adjectives followed by infinitives.
| amazed angry awkward careless clever crazy delighted difficult disappointed easy | funny generous glad happy hard horrified impossible lucky kind nice odd | proud relieved ridiculous rude sad selfish silly sorry strange stupid surprised wise |
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Words in This Story
phrase – n. a group of two or more words that express a single idea but do not usually form a complete sentence
attitude – n. the way you think and feel about someone or something
relieved – adj. feeling relaxed and happy because something difficult or unpleasant has been stopped
habit – n. a repeated behavior, especially one that is hard to give up
practice – v. the do something again and again in order to get better at it
familiar – adj. frequently seen, heard, or experienced
delighted – adj. full of great pleasure or satisfaction